Serial Killers Among Us NEW YORK 8211 serial killer realmente vivono tra di noi. L'ultimo esempio potrebbe essere Dennis Rader (ricerca), il quotBTK Killer, quot accusato che avrebbe torturato e ucciso estranei nella zona di Wichita, Kansas. Dal 1974 al 1991. Egli è stato accusato questa settimana con 10 capi di imputazione per omicidio di primo grado. Se Rader è, infatti, il killer che ha eluso la polizia per più di 30 anni, poi è stato in bella vista tutto il tempo per un quarto di una vita secolo nella vicina Park City, Kan. Una città di poco meno di 7.000 persone, mescolanza con i vicini e servire come un leader nella sua chiesa mentre stava uccidendo le sue vittime. quotI credo ci siamo resi conto tutti insieme, almeno a nostro giudizio indietro negli anni 1970 e 1980, che questa persona era parte della nostra comunità ed è stato in grado di funzionare in mezzo a noi, ha detto Richard quot Lamunyan, l'ex capo della polizia di Wichita. quotThat era una delle difficoltà che stavamo avendo in realtà lui portare alla luce così siamo riusciti a capire chi fosse. Sarebbe, ovviamente, qualcuno vicino. Sarebbe stato shopping presso i negozi di generi alimentari, proprio come tutti gli altri. Avrebbe appartengono ai club. Avrebbe avuto un job. quot Ma il presunto assassino BTK (di ricerca) il soprannome di auto-determinato sta per quotBind, Tortura, Killquot è neanche così diverso rispetto agli altri serial killer, come Gary Leon Ridgway (ricerca), il Green River Killer, che ha ucciso per anni all'insaputa dei suoi compagni di membri della comunità. quotOne delle cose che sappiamo è che i serial killer tutti conducono una doppia vita nessuno ha mai sospetta che queste persone stanno per essere serial killer. Theyre sempre scioccati, quot ha detto il dottor Helen Morrison, autore di quotMy Life Among Serial persona Killers. quot quotThe BTK non è molto diverso. Egli è stato in grado di diventare il più di un camaleonte in modo che la vita che conduceva all'esterno era un ruolo che ha giocato. Hanno tutti giocato questo ruolo come una persona che ha giocato qualcun altro, quot ha detto. E Thomas Guillen, co-autore di quotThe Cercare il Green River Killer, quot aggiunto: quotThey cercano di nascondersi theyre padri di famiglia, vanno in chiesa, theyre Cub Scout. Usano molto bene e non sai chi are. quot quotIn il caso Green River, era la stessa cosa. L'individuo ha venduto Amway volte, andava in chiesa, e lo hanno conservato molto low-key così non si poteva rilevare che theyre pensando, basically. quot La definizione di Normale Ridgway, un pittore camion per 30 anni, ha confessato nel 2003 di aver ucciso 48 donne , per lo più prostitute, nella zona di Seattle a partire dal 1982. I vicini lo ricordavano come un ragazzo che aveva una moglie, cane e gatti e che amava lavorare nel suo giardino e tagliare la legna. Un altro esempio è John Wayne Gacy (ricerca), il quale, 1978-1981, torturati, violentata e uccisa più di 30 giovani nella zona di Chicago, poi sepolto i loro corpi sotto il pavimento della sua casa e in un fiume locale. Gacy era un membro rispettato della Camera di Commercio Junior a Des Plaines, Illinois. Spesso vestito come un clown da eseguire negli ospedali per bambini e ha gettato i partiti di quartiere. Egli è stato anche un capitano distretto nel Pd locale e il proprietario della propria attività appaltante. quotDoublingquot è un psicologi termine e profiler criminale utilizzare per assassini e altri criminali che possono prendere parte a tali attività vizioso mentre portava a una vita normale. Esso permette loro di volare sotto il radar come una persona quotnormalquot mentre la polizia sono alla ricerca di un assassino non identificato. George Martin, ex presidente della truppa scout in cui Rader era coinvolto, ha detto a Fox News che si fidava Rader con i suoi figli e che il sospetto BTK sembrava avere la morale e la coscienza. quotIn il suo lavoro con gli scout, era un consulente per il campeggio e trekking e mountain bike, e avrebbe lavorato con i ragazzi in tale veste, e lui è stato molto buono in tale veste, quot Martin ha detto. quotHe era sempre molto signorile, buono con i cani (durante il suo lavoro di responsabile della conformità). La Dennis che sapevo era solo un uomo tranquillo e gentile era un tizio Ho appena dato un'occhiata a un po 'come un fratello non c'era niente di inquietante a che me. quot Dr. Maurice Godwin, un profiler criminale e geografica e autore di quotTracker: la caccia ai serial killer, quot ha detto in un modo assassini può fare questo è di compartimenti loro azioni. quotI basti pensare che si tratta di un tipico esempio di un sociopatico completo, quot Godwin ha detto. quotThat significa che egli non ha assolutamente alcuna empatia e non ha coscienza di eventuali atti hes male fatto. Hes in grado di compartimenti stagni quegli atti e theyre solo completamente fuori di testa. quot Ted Bundy (di ricerca) è stato bravo a che questo è uno dei motivi per cui Credo che fosse in grado di eseguire questa doppia life. quot Bundy ha condotto un regno di terrore negli Stati Uniti tra il 1974 e il 1978, uccidendo giovani donne a Washington, Utah, Colorado e Florida. Ha confessato di circa 30 omicidi, ma alcune stime potrebbe aver ucciso fino a 100. Prima di essere catturato, Bundy ha lavorato con associazioni di beneficenza e anche una campagna per il Partito Repubblicano degli Stati Uniti. Nascose le sue attività extrascolastiche, non solo da colleghi e vicini di casa, ma dalla moglie ha avuto anche due figli. quotI pensare sposò qualcuno che fosse in grado di controllare. Egli non ha ancora una moglie dominante o volitiva, altrimenti andrei sono rimasti sposati egli ha dettato legge di quella casa, quot Godwin ha detto. quotWhen sei in una situazione del genere, molto raramente si ha una moglie che lo interroga ha appena accettato quello che ha fatto o non ha ancora say. quot Morrison, che ha profilato più di 80 serial killer, ha osservato che l'applicazione della legge sul caso BTK non ha ancora guardare troppo da vicino il 59-year-old Rader, che era considerato una persona di interesse nel 1980 e non è stata pesantemente indagato fino a poco tempo, quando più communiqueacutes superficie dello scorso anno dopo 25 anni di silenzio. quotHe non ha ancora apparire come un serial killer. Lo hanno bypassato a causa di qualsiasi preconcetto che havequot di ciò che un serial killer come dovrebbe essere, ha detto. quotWhat essi non capiscono è che queste non sono le persone che vediamo che sono gravemente malati di mente. Theyre non allucinato e spettinato e di contatto con la realtà. In realtà, essi sono così in grado di funzionare in questo ruolo che theyre le uniche persone che davvero soffiano it. quot Male Walks Among Us Rader quotblew itquot quando egli avrebbe iniziato l'invio di messaggi dal killer BTK dopo anni di dormiente. Il suo DNA, infine, lo salì autorità difficoltà dicono un campione di sangue da sua figlia è stata utilizzata per confermare il test del DNA che lo legava a otto omicidi commessi tra il 1974 e il 1986. Sebbene la maggior parte dei serial killer non contattare la polizia o supporti, alcuni, come la BTK Killer e David Berkowitz (ricerca), la quotSon di Samquot killer che terrorizzò New York nel 1970 polizia scherno e la comunità-at-large con note e messaggi. Godwin ipotizzato che Rader può aver fatto questo come un modo per tornare al dipartimento di polizia per non averlo accettato quando ha fatto domanda per un lavoro lì. quotHey, egli ha mostrato la polizia per 30 anni, ha chiesto non ha ancora hequot Godwin. quotHe probabilmente pensava che fosse meglio di police. quot best-seller di fantascienza autore J. A. Jance, che è stato inseguito da un serial killer, ha detto che il pubblico è affascinato con i serial killer e che molti di loro portano Jekyll-e-Hyde vive rende la situazione di vita reale ancora più spaventosa. quotI pensano che fa renderla più affascinante, perché queste persone sono un bel po 'come noi, quot Jance detto. quotThe idea del solitario rivolti alle persone in autostrada o qualcosa di simile, in qualche modo si sente un po 'più sicuro di quelli, perché è un grande paese. Ma per avere qualcuno che vive in mezzo a voi, andare in chiesa, tirando fuori la sua spazzatura, raccogliendo un giornale Penso che sia affascinante. E 'sorta di va contro tutte le cose che tu pensi che sono true. quot Ha aggiunto: quotI penso che abbia a che fare con la comprensione della natura del male e di vedere che il male non sta qualcosa che esiste in kamikaze in Medio Oriente, che il male va chiaramente fra noi e nasconde la sua Serial Murder Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Centro nazionale face. quotSerial Omicidio per l'Analisi del Crimine Violento Critical Incident Response Group dell'FBI Robert J. Morton vigilanza agente speciale Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Mark A. Hilts Unità Capo Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Leonard G. Johns Unità capo Behavioral Analysis Unit-3 Federal Bureau of Investigation Timothy G. chiglia Case gravi specialista Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Steven F. Malkiewicz vigilanza agente speciale Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation James J. McNamara di vigilanza agente speciale Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Kirk R. Mellecker importante caso Specialist (Ritirato) Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Mary Ellen O8217Toole vigilanza agente speciale Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation David T. Resch Unità capo Behavioral Analysis Unit-1 Federal Bureau of Investigation Mark Safarik vigilanza Special Agent (Ritirato) Federal Bureau of Investigation Armin A. Showalter vigilanza agente speciale Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Federal Bureau of Investigation Rhonda L. Trahern vigilanza agente speciale Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 Bureau of Alcohol, Tabacco, Armi da fuoco ed esplosivi Messaggio del direttore Mueller Ogni giorno, le forze dell'ordine in tutta l'America sono chiamati a rispondere a omicidi. Ogni caso di omicidio è tragica, ma ci sono alcuni casi più strazianti e più difficile da capire rispetto omicidi seriali. Per anni, gli investigatori delle forze dell'ordine, accademici, esperti di salute mentale, e dei media hanno studiato omicidi seriali, dal Jack lo Squartatore alla fine del 1800 per le uccisioni da cecchino nel 2002, e dal 8220Zodiac Killer8221 in California per la 8220BTK Killer8221 in Kansas. Questi gruppi diversi hanno a lungo cercato di comprendere le complesse problematiche legate alle indagini omicidi seriali. Fino a quando il Serial Murder Simposio, tuttavia, c'era stato qualche tentativo di raggiungere un consenso su alcuni di questi problemi. Questa monografia presenta i risultati e la saggezza collettiva di un gruppo multidisciplinare di esperti, che hanno portato la loro esperienza individuale e approfondimenti allo stesso tavolo. La nostra speranza è che vi darà nuove idee e nuove risorse, come si continua il lavoro importante. L'FBI è impegnata a contribuire alla comprensione di questi atti orribili. Il Centro Nazionale FBI8217s per l'Analisi del Crimine Violento è pronta ad assistere il nostro stato, locale e partner internazionali. Crediamo che il modo migliore per combattere qualsiasi minaccia 8212 sia il terrorismo, la violenza delle bande, o omicidi seriali 8212 è di combinare le nostre conoscenze e le risorse con quelli dei nostri partner, e di lavorare come una squadra. Sono grato per le partnership che hanno contribuito a stimolare questo simposio, e per le partnership che si sono formate in seguito. Apprezzo profondamente il lavoro che è andato in questa pubblicazione. Vorrei ringraziare tutti coloro che hanno partecipato per la loro disponibilità a condividere la loro dedizione, tempo e competenze. Credo che sarà prezioso per la nostra capacità collettiva di comprendere, rispondere e, auspicabilmente, prevenire, omicidi seriali. Il NCAVC vorrebbe riconoscere con gratitudine i contributi dei seguenti soggetti, senza il cui impegno Simposio e questa monografia non sarebbe stato possibile: 8226 I membri del gruppo Serial Murder Simposio di lavoro, per la loro assistenza nella pianificazione del Simposio. I nomi di questi individui sono elencati in Appendice B. 8226 i partecipanti al Simposio, per la loro generosa condivisione di tempo e competenze in materia di omicidi seriali. I nomi di questi individui sono elencati in Appendice C. 8226 Pamela Hairfield e Wilma Wulchak, Gestione e gli analisti del programma, FBI, NCAVC, per la loro abilità, dedizione e perseveranza nella gestione con successo gli innumerevoli compiti amministrativi connessi con il Simposio. 8226 Cristie Dobson, gestione e programma Assistant, FBI, NCAVC, per il suo talento e il tempo trascorso copyediting questo documento e per il suo lavoro sulla copertina. 8226 assistente alla regia Michael J. Wolf (in pensione) ed Executive Vice Direttore J. Stephen Tidwell per il loro sostegno di questo progetto e per la loro disponibilità a dedicare le risorse necessarie per il suo completamento con successo. Il tema di omicidi seriali occupa un posto molto particolare all'interno della comunità della giustizia penale. Oltre alle importanti sfide di indagine che portano alle forze dell'ordine, i casi di omicidio seriale attraggono una sovrabbondanza di attenzione da parte dei media, esperti di salute mentale, il mondo accademico, e il pubblico in generale. Mentre non vi è stato significativo, il lavoro indipendente condotto da una serie di esperti di identificare e analizzare le molte questioni legate alla omicidi seriali, ci sono stati pochi gli sforzi per raggiungere un consenso tra le forze dell'ordine e di altri esperti, per quanto riguarda questi aspetti. Nel tentativo di colmare il divario tra i molti punti di vista di questioni relative alla omicidi seriali, il Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ha ospitato un multi-disciplinare Symposium a San Antonio, Texas, il 29 agosto 2005 al 2 settembre 2005. Il obiettivo del Simposio è stato quello di mettere insieme un gruppo di esperti rispettati in omicidi seriali da una varietà di campi e specialità, per identificare i punti in comune della conoscenza in materia di omicidi seriali. Un totale di 135 esperti in materia partecipato alla manifestazione di cinque giorni. Questi individui inclusi agenti delle forze dell'ordine che hanno indagato e fermate serial killer di salute mentale, accademici e altri esperti che hanno studiato i serial killer e condiviso la loro esperienza attraverso gli ufficiali di istruzione e pubblicazione della Corte, che hanno giudicato, perseguito con successo, e difesi serial killer e membri dei media, che informare ed educare il pubblico, quando i serial killer colpiscono. I partecipanti riflette anche la natura internazionale del problema omicidi seriali, come ci sono stati i partecipanti provenienti da dieci paesi diversi dei cinque continenti. L'ordine del giorno comprendeva una varietà di argomenti relativi a omicidi seriali compresi miti, definizioni, tipologie, patologia e la causalità, medicina legale, il ruolo dei mezzi di comunicazione, problemi di accusa, l'organizzazione task force investigativa, e le principali problematiche di gestione dei casi. Ogni giorno incluso tavole rotonde, presentazioni di casi, e gruppi di discussione che affrontano una serie di argomenti legati alla omicidi seriali. Questa monografia è il culmine di ingresso e la discussione dei partecipanti sulle importanti questioni relative alle omicidi seriali. I contenuti si basano su gli appunti presi durante le presentazioni, tavole rotonde, e break-out sessioni di gruppo. L'obiettivo nella pubblicazione di questa monografia è quello di delineare i punti di vista di consenso da una varietà di discipline sulla causalità, motivazioni e caratteristiche di assassini seriali, che consentirà alla comunità di giustizia penale per generare una risposta più efficace nella identificazione, indagine e giudizio di questi casi. Centro Nazionale per l'Analisi del Crimine Violento Il Centro Nazionale per l'analisi del crimine violento (NCAVC) è un componente del gruppo Critical Incident Response FBI8217s (CIRG), che si trova presso l'Accademia dell'FBI di Quantico, in Virginia. La missione primaria della NCAVC è quello di fornire comportamentale-based, supporto operativo per federali, statali, locali e agenzie internazionali delle forze dell'ordine coinvolti nelle indagini di crimini violenti insoliti o ripetitivi, minacce comunicati, il terrorismo, e altre questioni di interesse per legge rinforzo. Il NCAVC è composto da quattro unità: Behavioral Analysis Unit-1 (Valutazione CounterterrorismThreat), Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 (crimini contro Adulti), Behavioral Analysis Unit-3 (crimini contro i bambini) ei violenti penale programma Apprehension (VICAP). i membri del personale NCAVC condurre analisi dettagliate dei crimini da comportamento, forense, e le prospettive di indagine. L'obiettivo di questo processo di analisi è quello di fornire le forze dell'ordine con una migliore comprensione delle motivazioni e dei comportamenti dei trasgressori. L'analisi è uno strumento che fornisce gli investigatori con caratteristiche descrittive e comportamentali del colpevole più probabile e consulenza per quanto riguarda le tecniche di indagine per identificare l'autore del reato. Il NCAVC conduce anche la ricerca di crimine violento dal punto di vista delle forze dell'ordine. ricerca NCAVC è stato progettato al fine di conoscere i processi penali di pensiero, motivazioni e comportamenti. I risultati della ricerca sono raffinati in, tecniche investigative innovative che migliorano l'efficacia legge enforcement8217s contro i criminali violenti e condivisi con le forze dell'ordine e altre discipline attraverso pubblicazioni, presentazioni, e la formazione. L'omicidio Simposio di serie è stato concepito, progettato e coordinato dal personale della Behavioral Analysis Unit-2 (BAU-2). Le risorse di BAU-2 sono focalizzati sulla serie, di massa, e altri omicidi aggressioni sessuali rapimenti e altri atti criminali di targeting vittime adulte. membri BAU-2 dello staff hanno sviluppato una significativa esperienza in materia di omicidi seriali e fornire regolarmente assistenza operativa, condurre una ricerca, e di fornire una formazione sulle questioni relative alla omicidi seriali. omicidio seriale non è né un fenomeno nuovo, né è unicamente americano. Risalente ai tempi antichi, assassini seriali sono stati cronaca in tutto il mondo. Nel 19 ° secolo, il Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing ha condotto alcune delle prime ricerche documentate sul violenti, delinquenti sessuali e crimini che hanno commesso. Meglio conosciuto per il suo 1886 libro di testo Psychopathia sexualis, Dr. Kraft-Ebing descrisse numerosi studi di casi di omicidi sessuali, omicidi seriali, e in altre aree della propensione sessuale. omicidio seriale è un evento relativamente raro, che si stima comprendono meno di uno per cento di tutti gli omicidi commessi in un dato anno. Tuttavia, vi è un interesse macabra nel tema che supera di gran lunga la portata e ha generato innumerevoli articoli, libri e film. Questo fascino pubblico con un'ampia base è iniziata alla fine del 1880, dopo una serie di omicidi irrisolti prostitute si è verificato nella zona di Whitechapel di Londra. Questi omicidi sono stati commessi da un individuo sconosciuto che si è chiamato 8220Jack il Ripper8221 e inviato lettere alla polizia affermando di essere il killer. Caro Boss Continuo a sentire la polizia mi hanno catturato, ma si suole mi risolvere appena ancora. Ho riso quando si guardano in modo intelligente e parlare di essere sulla strada giusta. Quella battuta sul grembiule di cuoio mi ha dato attacchi reali. Sono giù sul puttane e io Shant smesso li strappa finché non si ottiene piegarono. Gran lavoro l'ultimo lavoro è stato. Ho dato la signora non c'è tempo per strillare. Come possono prendere ora. Amo il mio lavoro e voglio ricominciare. Sarà presto sentir parlare di me con i miei piccoli giochi divertenti. Ho salvato alcune delle cose rosso corretta in una bottiglia di birra allo zenzero sopra l'ultimo lavoro di scrivere con ma è andata di spessore come la colla e non posso usarlo. Inchiostro rosso è in forma abbastanza spero ettari. ha. Il prossimo lavoro che faccio io tarpare le ladys orecchie fuori e inviare agli agenti di polizia solo per jolly wouldn8217t voi. Mantenere questa lettera indietro fino a che faccio un po 'più di lavoro, poi dare fuori dritto. I miei knife8217s così bello e tagliente voglio andare al lavoro subito se ho la possibilità. In bocca al lupo. Cordiali saluti Jack lo Squartatore Questi omicidi e il nome di battaglia 8220Jack il Ripper8221 sono diventati sinonimo di omicidi seriali. Questo caso ha generato molte leggende riguardanti omicidi seriali e gli assassini che commettono esso. Negli anni 1970 e 1980 casi di omicidio seriale, come il Green River Killer, Ted Bundy, e BTK ha suscitato un interesse pubblico rinnovata nell'omicidio di serie, che è sbocciato nel 1990 dopo l'uscita di film come Il silenzio degli innocenti. Gran parte della conoscenza public8217s generale riguardante l'omicidio di serie è un prodotto di produzioni di Hollywood. linee di storia sono creati per aumentare l'interesse del pubblico, piuttosto che di ritrarre con precisione omicidi seriali. Focalizzando l'attenzione sulle atrocità inflitte vittime 8220deranged8221 trasgressori, il pubblico è affascinato dai criminali e dei loro crimini. Questo conferisce solo più confusione ai veri dinamiche di omicidi seriali. professionisti delle forze dell'ordine sono soggetti alla stessa disinformazione da una fonte diversa: l'uso di informazioni aneddotiche. Professionisti coinvolti in casi di omicidio di serie, come ad esempio gli investigatori, procuratori, e patologi possono avere un'esposizione limitata a omicidi seriali. La loro esperienza può essere basata su una singola serie di omicidio, e dei fattori in questo caso sono estrapolati ad altri omicidi seriali. Di conseguenza, alcuni stereotipi e pregiudizi mettere radici per quanto riguarda la natura di omicidi seriali e le caratteristiche del serial killer. Un trend in crescita che aggrava gli errori che circondano l'omicidio seriale è il fenomeno teste a parlare. Dato credibilità da parte dei media, queste autorità autoproclamate professano di avere una competenza in omicidi seriali. Essi appaiono spesso in televisione e sulla carta stampata e speculare sul motivo per gli omicidi e le caratteristiche del possibile autore del reato, senza essere a conoscenza dei fatti delle indagini. Purtroppo, commenti inappropriati possono perpetuare percezioni errate in materia di omicidi seriali e mettere in pericolo la legge enforcement8217s sforzi investigativi. E 'stato deciso dalla maggioranza dei partecipanti a rilasciare una dichiarazione formale di posizione per quanto riguarda l'uso media8217s di questi tipi di individui. (La presa di posizione è inclusa nella sezione X di questa monografia.) La relativa rarità di omicidi seriali combinate con imprecise, informazioni aneddotiche e ritratti immaginari di serial killer ha portato i seguenti miti e pregiudizi comuni in materia di omicidi seriali: Mito: I serial killer sono tutti i solitari disfunzionali. La maggior parte dei serial killer non sono solitario, disadattati sociali che vivono da soli. Essi non sono dei mostri e non possono apparire strano. Molti serial killer nascondono in bella vista all'interno delle loro comunità. assassini seriali hanno spesso le famiglie e le case, esercitano un'attività professionale, e sembrano essere normali membri della comunità. Poiché molti assassini seriali possono fondersi senza sforzo, sono spesso trascurati dalle forze dell'ordine e del pubblico. 8226 Robert Yates ucciso diciassette prostitute nella zona di Spokane, Washington, nel corso del 1990. Era sposato con cinque figli, viveva in un quartiere della classe media, ed era un decorato Stati Uniti Army National Guard pilota di elicottero. Durante il periodo di tempo degli omicidi, Yates abitualmente frequentato prostitute, e molte delle sue vittime si conoscevano. Yates sepolto una delle sue vittime nel suo cortile, sotto la finestra della sua camera da letto. Yates è stato infine arrestato e dichiarato colpevole di tredici degli omicidi. 8226 Il Green River Killer, Gary Ridgway, ha confessato di aver ucciso 48 donne per un periodo di tempo di venti anni nella zona di Seattle, Washington. Era stato sposato tre volte ed era ancora sposata al momento del suo arresto. È stato impiegato come pittore autocarro per trentadue anni. Ha frequentato regolarmente la chiesa, leggere la Bibbia in casa e al lavoro, e ha parlato di religione con i colleghi. Ridgeway spesso anche raccolto le prostitute e fatto sesso con loro per tutto il periodo di tempo in cui egli stava uccidendo. 8226 Il BTK killer Dennis Rader, ucciso dieci vittime in ed intorno a Wichita, Kansas. Mandò sedici comunicazioni scritte ai mezzi di informazione nel corso di un periodo di trenta anni, scherno la polizia e il pubblico. Era sposato con due figli, era un capo Scout, servito con onore negli Stati Uniti Air Force, è stato impiegato come funzionario del governo locale, ed è stato presidente della sua chiesa. Mito: Serial killer sono tutti maschi bianchi. Contrariamente alla credenza popolare, i serial killer coprono tutti i gruppi razziali. Ci sono bianchi, afro-americani, ispanici, asiatici e serial killer. La diversificazione razziale del serial killer in genere rispecchia quella della popolazione generale degli Stati Uniti. 8226 Charles Ng, originario di Hong Kong, Cina, ha ucciso numerose vittime nel nord della California, di concerto con Robert Lago. 8226 Derrick Todd Lee, un afro-americano, ha ucciso almeno sei donne a Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 8226 Coral Eugene Watts, un afro-americano, ha ucciso cinque vittime nel Michigan, è fuggito lo Stato per evitare il rilevamento, e ucciso altri 12 vittime in Texas, prima di essere arrestato. 8226 Rafael Resendez-Ramirez, originario del Messico, ucciso nove persone nel Kentucky, Texas, Illinois e, prima di se stesso in. 8226 Rory Conde, un nativo colombiano, è stato responsabile per sei omicidi di prostitute nella zona di Miami, in Florida. Mito: Serial killer sono motivati solo dal sesso. Tutti gli omicidi seriali non sono sessualmente-based. Ci sono molte altre motivazioni per omicidi in serie, tra cui rabbia, emozione, guadagno finanziario, e ricerca di attenzione. 8226 Nel caso cecchino seriale zona Washington, John Allen Muhammad, un ex militare statunitense sergente, e Lee Boyd Malvo uccisi principalmente per la rabbia e il brivido motivazioni. Sono stati in grado di terrorizzare la grande area metropolitana di Washington per tre settimane, le riprese di 13 vittime, uccidendo 10 di loro. Hanno comunicato con la polizia da note che lasciano, e hanno tentato di estorcere denaro per fermare le riprese. Essi sono sospettati in un certo numero di altre sparatorie in altri sette stati. 8226 Dr. Michael Swango, un ex marine americano, operaio ambulanza e medico, era un impiegato di assistenza sanitaria. E 'stato condannato per quattro omicidi solo a New York e Ohio, anche se egli è sospettato di aver avvelenato e ucciso da 35 a 50 persone in tutti gli Stati Uniti e il continente africano. motivazione Swango8217s per gli omicidi era intrinseca e mai completamente identificati. È interessante notare che, Swango teneva un libro di scarto pieno di ritagli di giornali e riviste su disastri naturali, in cui molte persone sono state uccise. 8226 Paul Reid ha ucciso almeno sette persone durante Fast Food rapine in Tennessee. Dopo aver ottenuto il controllo delle vittime, si sia accoltellato o girato. La motivazione per gli omicidi è stato principalmente l'eliminazione testimone. scopo Reid8217s a commettere i furti era lucro, e alcuni dei maltolto sono stati utilizzati per l'acquisto di un auto. Mito: Tutte le assassini seriali viaggio e operare da uno stato all'altro. La maggior parte dei serial killer sono molto definite aree geografiche di attività. Conducono le loro uccisioni all'interno di zone di comfort che sono spesso definiti da un punto di ancoraggio (ad esempio, il luogo di residenza, l'occupazione o la residenza di un parente). assassini seriali saranno, a volte, a spirale loro attività al di fuori della loro zona di comfort, quando la loro fiducia è cresciuta attraverso l'esperienza o per evitare il rilevamento. Pochissimi assassini seriali viaggiano da uno stato all'altro per uccidere. I pochi serial killer che non viaggiano da uno stato all'altro per uccidere rientrano in alcune categorie: 8226 individui Itineranti che si spostano da un luogo all'altro. 8226 persone senza casa che sono transitori. 8226 Gli individui il cui lavoro si presta a viaggi interstatali o transnazionale, come camionisti o quelli in servizio militare. La differenza tra questi tipi di delinquenti e di altri assassini seriali è la natura del loro stile di vita itinerante, che fornisce loro molte zone di comfort in cui operare. Mito: Serial killer non possono smettere di uccidere. E 'stato ampiamente creduto che una volta che i serial killer iniziare a uccidere, non possono fermarsi. Vi sono, tuttavia, alcuni serial killer che si fermano ucciso del tutto prima di essere catturato. In questi casi, ci sono eventi o circostanze nella vita offenders8217 che li inibiscono dal perseguire più vittime. Questi possono includere una maggiore partecipazione nelle attività familiari, la sostituzione sessuale e altri diversivi. 8226 BTK killer Dennis Rader, ucciso dieci vittime dal 1974 al 1991. Non ha ucciso altre vittime prima di essere catturato nel 2005. Durante interviste condotte dalle forze dell'ordine, Rader ha ammesso di impegnarsi in attività di auto-erotico come un sostituto per il suo omicidi. 8226 Jeffrey Gorton ucciso la sua prima vittima nel 1986 e la sua prossima vittima nel 1991. Non ha ucciso un'altra vittima ed è stato catturato nel 2002. Gorton impegnati in attività di cross-dressing e masturbatori, così come il sesso consensuale con la moglie nel frattempo. Mito: Tutti I serial killer sono pazzo o sono geni del male. Un altro mito che esiste è che i serial killer hanno o una condizione mentale debilitante, o sono estremamente intelligente e intelligente. Come gruppo, i serial killer soffrono di una varietà di disturbi della personalità, compresa la psicopatia, personalità antisociale, e altri. La maggior parte, però, non sono giudicate come folle sotto la legge. I media hanno creato una serie di serial killer immaginario 8220geniuses8221, che astuzia le forze dell'ordine ad ogni turno. Come altre popolazioni, tuttavia, i serial killer variano in intelligenza da borderline a livelli superiori alla media. Mito: Serial killer vogliono farsi prendere. I trasgressori commettere un delitto per la prima volta sono inesperti. Essi acquisiscono esperienza e confidenza con ogni nuovo reato, alla fine riuscendo con pochi errori o problemi. Mentre la maggior parte dei serial killer pianificare le loro offese più a fondo di altri criminali, la curva di apprendimento è ancora molto ripida. Essi devono selezionare, bersaglio, approccio, di controllo, e smaltire le loro vittime. La logistica coinvolte nel commettere un omicidio e lo smaltimento del corpo può diventare molto complesso, soprattutto quando ci sono più siti coinvolti. Come serial killer continuano ad offendere, senza essere catturati, possono diventare Empowered, la sensazione non saranno mai identificati. Mentre la serie continua, gli assassini possono iniziare a prendere scorciatoie quando commettere i loro crimini. Questo provoca spesso gli assassini per prendere più possibilità, che porta alla identificazione da parte delle forze dell'ordine. Non è che i serial killer vogliono rimanere intrappolati sentono che can8217t farsi prendere. II. Definizione di omicidio seriale Negli ultimi trent'anni, più definizioni di omicidi seriali sono stati utilizzati dalle forze dell'ordine, i medici, il mondo accademico e ricercatori. Mentre queste definizioni condividono diversi temi comuni, si differenziano su requisiti specifici, come ad esempio il numero di omicidi coinvolte, il tipo di motivazione, e gli aspetti temporali degli omicidi. Per far fronte a queste discrepanze, i partecipanti al Simposio Serial Murder esaminato le variazioni al fine di sviluppare una definizione unica per omicidio seriale. definizioni precedenti di omicidi seriali specificati un certo numero di omicidi, che varia da due a dieci vittime. Questo requisito quantitativo distingue un omicidio seriale da altre categorie di omicidio (cioè singola, doppia o triplice omicidio). La maggior parte delle definizioni richiesto anche un periodo di tempo tra gli omicidi. Questa pausa-in-time è necessario distinguere tra un omicidio di massa e un omicidio seriale. omicidio seriale richiesto una separazione temporale tra i diversi omicidi, che è stato descritto come: diverse occasioni, periodo di riflessione, e periodo di riflessione emotiva. In generale, l'omicidio di massa è stato descritto come una serie di omicidi (quattro o più) che si verificano durante lo stesso incidente, senza periodo di tempo distintivo tra gli omicidi. These events typically involved a single location, where the killer murdered a number of victims in an ongoing incident (e. g. the 1984 San Ysidro McDonalds incident in San Diego, California the 1991 Luby8217s Restaurant massacre in Killeen, Texas and the 2007 Virginia Tech murders in Blacksburg, Virginia). There has been at least one attempt to formalize a definition of serial murder through legislation. In 1998, a federal law was passed by the United States Congress, titled: Protection of Children from Sexual Predator Act of 1998 (Title 18, United States Code, Chapter 51, and Section 1111). This law includes a definition of serial killings: The term 8216serial killings8217 means a series of three or more killings, not less than one of which was committed within the United States, having common characteristics such as to suggest the reasonable possibility that the crimes were committed by the same actor or actors. Although the federal law provides a definition of serial murder, it is limited in its application. The purpose of this definition was to set forth criteria establishing when the FBI could assist local law enforcement agencies with their investigation of serial murder cases. It was not intended to be a generic definition for serial murder. The Symposium attendees reviewed the previous definitions and extensively discussed the pros and cons of the numerous variations. The consensus of the Symposium attendees was to create a simple but broad definition, designed for use primarily by law enforcement. One discussion topic focused on the determination of the number of murders that constituted a serial murder. Academicians and researchers were interested in establishing a specific number of murders, to allow clear inclusion criteria for their research on serial killers. However, since the definition was to be utilized by law enforcement, a lower number of victims would allow law enforcement more flexibility in committing resources to a potential serial murder investigation. Motivation was another central element discussed in various definitions however, attendees felt motivation did not belong in a general definition, as it would make the definition overly complex. The validity of spree murder as a separate category was discussed at great length. The general definition of spree murder is two or more murders committed by an offender or offenders, without a cooling-off period. According to the definition, the lack of a cooling-off period marks the difference between a spree murder and a serial murder. Central to the discussion was the definitional problems relating to the concept of a cooling-off period. Because it creates arbitrary guidelines, the confusion surrounding this concept led the majority of attendees to advocate disregarding the use of spree murder as a separate category. The designation does not provide any real benefit for use by law enforcement. The different discussion groups at the Symposium agreed on a number of similar factors to be included in a definition. These included: 8226 one or more offenders 8226 two or more murdered victims 8226 incidents should be occurring in separate events, at different times 8226 the time period between murders separates serial murder from mass murder In combining the various ideas put forth at the Symposium, the following definition was crafted: Serial Murder: The unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events. III. Causality and the Serial Murderer Following the arrest of a serial killer, the question is always asked: How did this person become a serial murderer The answer lies in the development of the individual from birth to adulthood. Specifically, the behavior a person displays is influenced by life experiences, as well as certain biological factors. Serial murderers, like all human beings, are the product of their heredity, their upbringing, and the choices they make throughout development. Causality, as it relates to the development of serial murderers, was discussed at length by the Symposium attendees. Causality can be defined as a complex process based on biological, social, and environmental factors. In addition to these factors, individuals have the ability to choose to engage in certain behaviors. The collective outcome of all of these influences separates individual behavior from generic human behavior. Since it is not possible to identify all of the factors that influence normal human behavior, it similarly is not possible to identify all of the factors that influence an individual to become a serial murderer. Human beings are in a constant state of development from the moment of conception until death. Behavior is affected by stimulation received and processed by the central nervous system. Neurobiologists believe that our nervous systems are environmentally sensitive, thereby allowing individual nervous systems to be shaped throughout a lifetime. The development of social coping mechanisms begins early in life and continues to progress as children learn to interact, negotiate, and compromise with their peers. In some individuals the failure to develop adequate coping mechanisms results in violent behavior. Neglect and abuse in childhood have been shown to contribute to an increased risk of future violence. Substance abuse can and does lead to increased aggression and violence. There are documented cases of people who suffered severe head injuries and ultimately become violent, even when there was no prior history of violence. Symposium attendees agreed that there is no single identifiable cause or factor that leads to the development of a serial killer. Rather, there are a multitude of factors that contribute to their development. The most significant factor is the serial killer8217s personal decision in choosing to pursue their crimes. There were several additional observations made by the attendees regarding causality: 8226 Predisposition to serial killing, much like other violent offenses, is biological, social, and psychological in nature, and it is not limited to any specific characteristic or trait. 8226 The development of a serial killer involves a combination of these factors, which exist together in a rare confluence in certain individuals. They have the appropriate biological predisposition, molded by their psychological makeup, which is present at a critical time in their social development. 8226 There are no specific combinations of traits or characteristics shown to differentiate serial killers from other violent offenders. 8226 There is no generic template for a serial killer. 8226 Serial killers are driven by their own unique motives or reasons. 8226 Serial killers are not limited to any specific demographic group, such as their sex, age, race, or religion. 8226 The majority of serial killers who are sexually motivated erotized violence during development. For them, violence and sexual gratification are inexplicably intertwined in their psyche. 8226 More research is needed to identify specific pathways of development that produce serial killers. IV. Psychopathy and Serial Murder Attendees at the Serial Murder Symposium agreed that there is no generic profile of a serial murderer. Serial killers differ in many ways, including their motivations for killing and their behavior at the crime scene. However, attendees did identify certain traits common to some serial murderers, including sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. These traits and behaviors are consistent with the psychopathic personality disorder. Attendees felt it was very important for law enforcement and other professionals in the criminal justice system to understand psychopathy and its relationship to serial murder. Psychopathy is a personality disorder manifested in people who use a mixture of charm, manipulation, intimidation, and occasionally violence to control others, in order to satisfy their own selfish needs. Although the concept of psychopathy has been known for centuries, Dr. Robert Hare led the modern research effort to develop a series of assessment tools, to evaluate the personality traits and behaviors attributable to psychopaths. Dr. Hare and his associates developed the Psychopathy Check List Revised (PCL-R) and its derivatives, which provide a clinical assessment of the degree of psychopathy an individual possesses. These instruments measure the distinct cluster of personality traits and socially-deviant behaviors of an individual, which fall into four factors: interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and anti-social. The interpersonal traits include glibness, superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, pathological lying, and the manipulation of others. The affective traits include a lack of remorse andor guilt, shallow affect, a lack of empathy, and failure to accept responsibility. The lifestyle behaviors include stimulation-seeking behavior, impulsivity, irresponsibility, parasitic orientation, and a lack of realistic life goals. The anti-social behaviors include poor behavioral controls, early childhood behavior problems, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, and criminal versatility. The combination of these individual personality traits, interpersonal styles, and socially deviant lifestyles are the framework of psychopathy and can manifest themselves differently in individual psychopaths. Research has demonstrated that in those offenders who are psychopathic, scores vary, ranging from a high degree of psychopathy to some measure of psychopathy. However, not all violent offenders are psychopaths and not all psychopaths are violent offenders. If violent offenders are psychopathic, they are able to assault, rape, and murder without concern for legal, moral, or social consequences. This allows them to do what they want, whenever they want. The relationship between psychopathy and serial killers is particularly interesting. All psychopaths do not become serial murderers. Rather, serial murderers may possess some or many of the traits consistent with psychopathy. Psychopaths who commit serial murder do not value human life and are extremely callous in their interactions with their victims. This is particularly evident in sexually motivated serial killers who repeatedly target, stalk, assault, and kill without a sense of remorse. However, psychopathy alone does not explain the motivations of a serial killer. Understanding psychopathy becomes particularly critical to law enforcement during a serial murder investigation and upon the arrest of a psychopathic serial killer. The crime scene behavior of psychopaths is likely to be distinct from other offenders. This distinct behavior can assist law enforcement in linking serial cases. Psychopaths are not sensitive to altruistic interview themes, such as sympathy for their victims or remorseguilt over their crimes. They do possess certain personality traits that can be exploited, particularly their inherent narcissism, selfishness, and vanity. Specific themes in past successful interviews of psychopathic serial killers focused on praising their intelligence, cleverness, and skill in evading capture. Attendees recognized that more research is needed concerning the links between serial murder and psychopathy, in order to understand the frequency and degree of psychopathy among serial murderers. This may assist law enforcement in understanding and identifying serial murderers. V. Motivations and Types of Serial Murder: The Symposium Model Over the past twenty years, law enforcement and experts from a number of varying disciplines have attempted to identify specific motivations for serial murderers and to apply those motivations to different typologies developed for classifying serial murderers. These range from simple, definitive models to complex, multiple-category typologies that are laden with inclusion requirements. Most typologies are too cumbersome to be utilized by law enforcement during an active serial murder investigation, and they may not be helpful in identifying an offender. The attendees at the Symposium discussed the issues surrounding motivation and the use of typologies to categorize varying types of serial murder. Identifying motivations in the investigation of a crime is a standard procedure for law enforcement. Typically, motivation provides police with the means to narrow the potential suspect pool. The same logical steps are taken when investigating homicide cases. As most homicides are committed by someone known to the victim, police focus on the relationships closest to the victim. This is a successful strategy for most murder investigations. The majority of serial murderers, however, are not acquainted with or involved in a consensual relationship with their victims. For the most part, serial murder involves strangers with no visible relationship between the offender and the victim. This distinguishes a serial murder investigation as a more nebulous undertaking than that of other crimes. Since the investigations generally lack an obvious connection between the offender and the victim, investigators instead attempt to discern the motivations behind the murders, as a way to narrow their investigative focus. Serial murder crime scenes can have bizarre features that may cloud the identification of a motive. The behavior of a serial murderer at crime scenes may evolve throughout the series of crimes and manifest different interactions between an offender and a victim. It is also extremely difficult to identify a single motivation when there is more than one offender involved in the series. The attendees at the Symposium made the following observations: 8226 Motive generally may be difficult to determine in a serial murder investigation. 8226 A serial murderer may have multiple motives for committing his crimes. 8226 A serial murderer8217s motives may evolve both within a single murder as well throughout the murder series. 8226 The classification of motivations should be limited to observable behavior at the crime scene. 8226 Even if a motive can be identified, it may not be helpful in identifying a serial murderer. 8226 Utilizing investigative resources to discern the motive instead of identifying the offender may derail the investigation. 8226 Investigators should not necessarily equate a serial murderer8217s motivation with the level of injury. 8226 Regardless of the motive, serial murderers commit their crimes because they want to. The exception to this would be those few killers suffering from a severe mental illness. To assist law enforcement in narrowing the pool of suspects, attendees at the Symposium suggested that broad, non-inclusive categories of motivations be utilized as guidelines for investigation. The following categories listed below represent general categories and are not intended to be a complete measure of serial offenders or their motivation: 8226 Anger is a motivation in which an offender displays rage or hostility towards a certain subgroup of the population or with society as a whole. 8226 Criminal Enterprise is a motivation in which the offender benefits in status or monetary compensation by committing murder that is drug, gang, or organized crime related. 8226 Financial gain is a motivation in which the offender benefits monetarily from killing. Examples of these types of crimes are 8220black widow8221 killings, robbery homicides, or multiple killings involving insurance or welfare fraud. 8226 Ideology is a motivation to commit murders in order to further the goals and ideas of a specific individual or group. Examples of these include terrorist groups or an individual(s) who attacks a specific racial, gender, or ethnic group. 8226 Powerthrill is a motivation in which the offender feels empowered andor excited when he kills his victims. 8226 Psychosis is a situation in which the offender is suffering from a severe mental illness and is killing because of that illness. This may include auditory andor visual hallucinations and paranoid, grandiose, or bizarre delusions. 8226 Sexually-based is a motivation driven by the sexual needsdesires of the offender. There may or may not be overt sexual contact reflected in the crime scene. An offender selects a victim, regardless of the category, based upon availability, vulnerability, and desirability. Availability is explained as the lifestyle of the victim or circumstances in which the victim is involved, that allow the offender access to the victim. Vulnerability is defined as the degree to which the victim is susceptible to attack by the offender. Desirability is described as the appeal of the victim to the offender. Desirability involves numerous factors based upon the motivation of the offender and may include factors dealing with the race, gender, ethnic background, age of the victim, or other specific preferences the offender determines. VI. Investigative Issues and Best Practices Attendees at the Symposium identified successful investigative practices for solving serial murder cases. These factors were central to the discussions: 8226 Identification of a Serial Murder Series 8226 Leadership 8226 Task Force Organization 8226 Resource Augmentation 8226 Communication 8226 Data Management 8226 Analytical Tools 8226 Medical ExaminersCoroners 8226 Administrative Issues 8226 Training 8226 Officer Assistance Programs Symposium participants listed the initial identification of a homicide series as the primary investigative challenge. Historically, the first indication that a serial murderer was at work was when two or more cases were linked by forensic or behavioral evidence. Identifying a homicide series is easier in rapidly-developing, high profile cases involving low risk victims. These cases are reported to law enforcement upon discovery of the crimes and draw immediate media attention. In contrast, identifying a series involving high risk victims in multiple jurisdictions is much more difficult. This is primarily due to the high risk lifestyle and transitory nature of the victims. Additionally, the lack of communication between law enforcement agencies and differing records management systems impede the linkage of cases to a common offender. Attendees stressed the importance of law enforcement networking with other investigative agencies and cited the National Law Enforcement Teletype System (NLETS) messages, ViCAP Alerts, and the Law Enforcement Online (LEO) website as alternative mechanisms for sharing information to help determine other linked cases. The use of the FBI8217s NCAVC, both the Behavioral Analysis Units and the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program, in linking potential cases was also encouraged. Leadership High profile investigations present a multitude of leadership challenges for law enforcement, from investigators to police executives. Law enforcement personnel may face external pressures from political entities, victims8217 families, and the media. Collectively, strong management throughout the chain of command must continually reinforce the supreme goal of the investigation: To arrest and prosecute the offender. Attendees at the Symposium agreed that in successful serial murder investigations, the roles of both investigators and supervisors were clearly delineated. The investigative function is the primary mission, and all other activities are in support of that mission. In serial murder cases, the actual investigation should be directed by competent, homicide investigators, who have the experience to direct and focus the investigative process. Law enforcement administrators should not run the investigation but rather ensure that the investigators have the resources to do their job. Supervisors should also act as buffers between investigators and the other levels of command. There are several other strategies law enforcement executives may consider while preparing for these intense investigations: 8226 Completing Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) between different law enforcement agencies, in order to obtain mutual support agreements and commitment of manpower, resources, and overtime. 8226 Identifying all resources that may be needed during the investigation and maintaining detailed lists of available resources. 8226 Establishing good working relationships with other departments prior to the crisis, through networking, scheduled meetings, and joint training. 8226 Providing training opportunities in the latest techniques and methods of homicide investigation. Additional observations regarding leadership in task force operations include: 8226 Communication on administrative issues should be restricted to management personnel of the various agencies, so as not to distract investigators. 8226 The intense pressure in high profile investigations may at times decrease logical decision making. Tunnel vision and impulsivity should be avoided. 8226 Law enforcement administration in each of the participating law enforcement agencies should present a unified front by agreeing to a written investigative strategy that outlines the investigative goals, the roles of the agencies, and establishes a clear and concise chain of command. 8226 Command staff should focus on providing and managing the resources investigators need to solve the case, rather than directing the investigation. A major problem identified by attendees at the Symposium was the issue of micro-management. When a supervisor attempts to personally direct every action in an investigation, rather than allowing investigators to perform their jobs independently, they exacerbate problems in these high profile investigations. 8226 While law enforcement attracts positive individuals with strong personalities, management should encourage all involved personnel to leave their 8220egos8221 at the door. This ensures that personality differences among investigators do not become a distraction to the investigation. Investigators who lack the ability to collaborate with colleagues can hinder the investigation and should not be assigned to investigative teams. Task Force Organization Once a serial murder series has been identified, it is important for the involved law enforcement agencies to work together. There are a number of operational and investigative issues critical to the successful establishment of an investigative task force. Initially, a lead agency for the task force should be designated and will assume the primary investigative role. The choice of a lead agency is based upon a number of factors including the number and viability of the cases, available resources, and investigative experience. Once established, all law enforcement agencies involved in the investigation should have representation in the task force. Any outlying agencies should also be included, even if they do not have an identified case in the investigation. An effective and reliable investigative model identifies a lead investigator and co-investigator, who, regardless of rank, are given complete control of the investigation. These investigators review all incoming information, collate the information, and assign leads. If the flow of incoming information becomes unmanageable due to an excessive influx of investigative tips, the lead investigators can delegate this responsibility to an experienced investigator, who will act as a lead control officer. Administrators must look beyond the traditional method of assigning the next available investigators regardless of skill or assigning investigators who have no desire to be involved in a major case. Consequently, law enforcement administrators must assign the most qualified investigator(s) to lead the current case. The lead investigator(s) must have the experience, dedication, and tenacity to direct all aspects of the investigation. They should also, with management8217s support, have the ability to select a cadre of investigators and support personnel and assign such personnel as the investigation dictates. In serial murder investigations, the lead investigators must handle all crime scene activities and related leads, as each incident may be interwoven. It is the responsibility of the lead investigators or the lead control investigator to ensure relevant information is distributed to the entire task force. At the onset of the task force, the lead investigators should immediately implement a preplanned task force model. Common to most models is the need to establish an information management system to track tips and leads in the case. This computer system should account for the idiosyncrasies of the investigation while being flexible enough to handle any contingency. All personnel should be familiar with its operation, and it should be pre-tested to insure viability in investigative conditions. Primary to the investigation is sufficient manpower to successfully investigate and prosecute the case. The overwhelming consensus from the attendees is that the assignment of excessive numbers of personnel to the investigation may be counterproductive. A small group of experienced homicide investigators, under the direction of the lead investigator(s), is far more effective than a large number of less experienced investigators or investigators who are experienced in different areas of criminal activity. Additional personnel may be brought in for specific tasks as necessary. There should be a bifurcation of responsibility between the administration of the case and the investigation of the case. The task of running the investigation is the responsibility of the lead investigator. The administration provides all of the necessary support, including procurement of equipment, funding, and manpower. As an example, task force administrators must obtain authority for priority requests for services, from the forensic laboratory and other service providers. The lead investigator(s) and the administrators of the task force must have a close, cooperative working relationship, while maintaining their own areas of responsibility. Assignment of liaison personnel in serial homicide cases is highly recommended. The highest priority is the families of the victims, who will be supportive of the investigative efforts, when they believe the investigators are competent and all available resources are being used to identify and arrest the offender. An investigator with exceptional interpersonal and communication skills should be assigned to maintain constant contact with the families, keeping them apprised of the progress of the investigation and any pending press releases. Liaison must also be maintained with the numerous support entities both inside and outside the task force including the prosecutor8217s office, the forensic laboratory, the medical examiner8217s office, and surrounding law enforcement agencies. Additionally, a list of available experts in specific forensic and related fields should be compiled and liaison established for use in the investigation. As long as the flow of information is manageable, one individual can be assigned to multiple liaison duties. As the investigation continues, the manpower requirements of the task force will increase for various reasons, including increasing the number of investigators and support staff. Restraint must be practiced by task force administrators to avoid the use of excess personnel. As previously discussed, the use of fewer personnel may be more effective. The lead investigator is in the best position to recognize when additional personnel are needed. The administrator8217s responsibility is to provide the authority for the permanent or temporary reassignment of the requested number of personnel to the task force. If additional personnel are needed to expand the task force, the reassignment should be for the duration of the task force, to insure continuity of investigative information. However, for short term needs such as a specific neighborhood canvass or road block canvass, personnel can be reassigned temporarily to complete the specific task and then be returned to their normal duties. In either event, the arrival of new personnel should be preplanned and a detailed case briefing provided. This briefing should include an explanation of their specific assignment, their work hours, details of the investigation as it applies to their assignment, expected standards for report completion, and a complete list of contact numbers. Additionally, personnel should be cautioned about discussing case sensitive information with anyone outside of authorized law enforcement personnel. Arbitrary rotation of personnel should be avoided, as it negatively affects the continuity of the investigation. Rotation of personnel should only occur if requested by the investigator, or there are officer assistance issues. If the task force is disbanded and later reinstated, the original investigators should be utilized. Attendees stressed the importance of disseminating information to the investigators engaged in a serial murder investigation through the following: 8226 Daily briefings are essential for investigators, especially when there are different work shifts. Periodic summary briefings are also necessary for managers and patrol officers. These can be accomplished via e-mails or at roll call and should be conducted by investigative personnel. 8226 Communication on the operational level is paramount, especially in task force investigations and when serial murder cases involve multiple states. As all information must be shared seamlessly, teleconferences may not sufficiently allow for the flow of information. Face-to-face case briefings are suggested. 8226 Submitting ViCAP reports on solved and unsolved murders, attempted murders, and sexual assaults for inclusion in the ViCAP database is strongly recommended and may facilitate the linkage of unknown related cases for law enforcement agencies. A common problem in serial investigations occurs when data is not entered into the electronic database in a timely manner. Useful leads are lost when investigators are overloaded with information. The following suggestions were provided regarding data management issues: 8226 In order to avoid time lags, reports should be written as soon as the investigative lead is completed. If reports are not finished before the end of the investigator8217s shift, the lead investigator(s) may not have time to review those reports. This will lead to a back-log of reports, containing pertinent and timely investigative information. 8226 Sufficient time should be allocated during work shifts to complete reports. 8226 Information should be obtained, documented, and distributed in a standardized manner, to maintain consistency among different agencies. Ideally, reports should be computer generated to ease the communication issues. 8226 Systems similar to the FBI8217s Rapid Start computerized case management system should be utilized, to effectively organize and collate lead information. Computerized systems promote the analysis of a tremendous amount of data. There should be sufficient personnel committed to ensure that data is recorded into the system, in a timely manner. 8226 A murder book or series of murder books should be created and maintained. Murder books contain all of the pertinent investigative information and are traditionally in paper format but can also be developed electronically. 8226 All rough notes should be maintained and entered into evidence. 8226 Reports should be distributed to all participating law enforcement agencies and the prosecutor8217s office. The wide range of analytical resources available to law enforcement agencies is typically under-utilized at the onset of a serial murder investigation. Due to the voluminous amount of information characteristic of high profile investigations, critical lead information may be lost. The implementation of a tested and reliable case management system, as previously discussed, coupled with competent analytical staff, is imperative in serial murder investigations. Crime analysts offer critical support to the investigation by developing timelines on victims and suspects, compiling matrices to highlight similar case elements, and providing general analytical support. Analysts should be assigned to the initial investigation group, so information can be sorted, compared, and charted to provide timely lead information. It is recommended that a review team of experienced investigators be formed to assist the lead investigator(s) in filtering through the information gathered by analysts. The team should consist of two to four investigators from within the involved agencies, as well as the crime analysts. The team must remain intact throughout the investigation, to maintain the case integrity. Many agencies are not supported by an actual crime analysis unit or do not employ experienced analysts. In such cases, the agency should contact their neighboring jurisdictions or the FBI8217s National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime for assistance. Symposium attendees also discussed the importance of the behavioral aspects of the investigation and recommended the FBI8217s Behavioral Analysis Unit be utilized for the multitude of services it provides to include crime scene analysis, offender profiles, case linkage analysis, interview strategies, and prosecution strategy. The case consultations can be conducted at the BAU office in Quantico, Virginia, or a team of BAU staff members can respond to the respective agency, to personally view the crime scenes and discuss the behavioral issues with the pertinent task force members. A thorough autopsy and the subsequent collection of evidence are critical in serial murder investigations. Medical examiners and coroners operate according to their different state mandates and vary as to the thoroughness of their investigations. Consistent procedures to collect, record, and retrieve case information are important in linking cases in other jurisdictions. The following recommendations were made concerning medical examiners in serial murder investigations: 8226 Medical examiners should share information on autopsies in potentially related cases. Joint meetings with investigators can provide additional background information on these cases. 8226 A single medical examiner should be utilized in serial cases occurring within the same jurisdiction. 8226 Once a series has been identified that involves several jurisdictions, the various medical examiner offices may consider performing joint autopsy procedures to ensure continuity in evidence collection. 8226 Investigators should also ensure submissions of all unidentified victims to the FBI Laboratory8217s National Missing Persons DNA database. 8226 Investigators should also ensure the entry of unidentified remains recovered into the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and ViCAP. Law enforcement agencies should review their current administrative policies relating to maintenance and storage of unsolved homicide case materials. Top priority should be given to these cases by extending the storage time limit and may include the following: 8226 Mirror the FBI8217s NCAVC 50-year minimum mandate to keep copies of all unsolved cases. 8226 Retain records of unsolved homicide cases and the accompanying evidence until the case is closed. 8226 Records should be electronically converted. 8226 Evidence storage should be available for long term storage of forensic evidence in murder cases. 8226 Submit cases to the FBI8217s ViCAP database, which maintains case information indefinitely. Resources and Finances It is essential that an investigative agency have the resources available in order to establish the initial setup for a task force, both from financial and logistic perspectives. There should be a contingency plan in place to handle the resource issues in a major investigation. Buildings, office space, computers, phones, vehicles, food, and other necessities should be considered in the plan. Utilizing non-law enforcement agencies, such as the fire department for use of their high-tech equipment, may also be included in the plan. It was recommended that agencies develop emergency response plans and establish MOU8217s at the local, state, and national level. Training continues to be an issue for all law enforcement departments. Complex homicide investigations, especially those involving serial murder cases, depend upon the experience and abilities of investigators to effectively conduct the investigation. With the retirement of many experienced homicide investigators, newer investigators need training and exposure to a wide range of investigative techniques. Attendees also suggested the utilization of standardized training for homicide investigators, crime analysts, and medical examiners. Officer Assistance Programs The brutality of the crime scenes the senseless, repetitive acts inflicted on the victims and a sense of helplessness in failing to catch the offender are all factors that may impact the emotional well-being of investigators involved in a serial murder case. Burnout, stress, and hopelessness are just some of the feelings that may affect members of the investigative team. To combat these issues, attendees suggested the following: 8226 Regular debriefings. 8226 Access to critical incident counselors. 8226 Mental health evaluations upon request. 8226 Adequate time off for investigators. NOTE: The majority of attendees agreed there should be a published, general guide to serial murder investigations, building upon the Multi-Agency Investigative Team Manual (MAIT) and addressing specific issues such as cooperative investigative models investigative methods case linkage crime scene techniques MOUs training for police, medical examiners, and crime analysts the role of regional intelligence centers the integration of BAU and ViCAP and the role of federal law enforcement. VII. Forensic Issues in Serial Murder Cases The forensic sciences have played a key role in criminal investigations for many years. Recently, there has been increased attention on the forensic sciences by law enforcement, prosecutors, and the general public. Particularly in high profile cases, intense media coverage concerning evidence issues and the work of crime laboratories has served to heighten this interest. In the past two decades, there have been tremendous technological advances in the laboratory testing of forensic samples. There have also been a number of improvements in the identification and collection of evidence at the crime scene, through innovative processing and evidence collection methods. Together, these advances allow for a greater probability of successful recovery and analysis of evidence than was previously possible. There is also growing recognition by criminal justice professionals of the wider scope of forensic techniques and available tests. The field of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis and the legislation that allows DNA testing on a broader number of offenders has made some of the more remarkable advances. DNA testing now allows much smaller samples of biological material to be analyzed and the results to be more discriminating. DNA testing of forensic crime scene samples can now be compared against a database of known offenders and other unsolved crimes. Forensic laboratories have developed advanced analytical techniques through the use of computer technology. Systems such as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), various Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS), and the National Integrated Ballistics Identification Network (NIBIN), were identified by the symposium as beneficial to serial murder investigations, by providing links between previously unrelated cases. CODIS is a national automated DNA information processing and telecommunications system that was developed to link biological evidence (DNA) in criminal cases, between various jurisdictions around the United States. Samples in CODIS include DNA profiles obtained from persons convicted of designated crimes, DNA profiles obtained from crime scenes, DNA profiles from unidentified human remains, and DNA from voluntary samples taken from families of missing persons. The CODIS data bank of these samples is comprised of three different indices or levels: the National DNA Index System (NDIS), the State DNA Index System (SDIS), and the Local DNA Index System (LDIS). What is important for law enforcement to understand is that the information contained at the LDIS and SDIS levels may not automatically be sent to, or searched against, the NDIS level. There are different legislation requirements for inclusion into NDIS, than to LDIS or SDIS, and not all LDIS and SDIS profiles are sent to NDIS. Even when NDIS is queried, individual SDIS data banks may not be queried. Therefore, when dealing with a serial murder case, investigators need to contact their LDIS or SDIS level representatives to ensure that in addition to the NDIS databank, samples are compared in the individual SDIS data banks of each state that is of investigative interest. In cases where there is only a partial DNA profile, a national 8220keyboard8221 search can be requested through the NDIS custodian, CODIS Unit, FBI Laboratory. AFIS is an electronic databank that compares unidentified latent and patent fingerprints to the known fingerprint file. There have been a variety of local AFIS systems in use since the 1980s. In 1999, the FBI8217s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, or IAFIS, became operational. IAFIS is designated as the national repository of criminal histories, fingerprints, and photographs of criminal subjects in the United States. It also contains fingerprints and information on military and civilian federal employees. IAFIS provides positive identification through comparisons of individuals based on the submission of fingerprint data, through both ten-print fingerprint cards and latent fingerprints. Some of the earlier AFIS systems were not compatible with the IAFIS system, and as a result, those earlier latent fingerprints may not be included in IAFIS. This becomes an issue in serial murder cases, when the offender committed offenses prior to the inception of IAFIS, as latent fingerprints from those earlier crimes will not be searchable. If there is a possibility the offender committed early crimes, the early AFIS systems need to be queried independently. Consultation with laboratory fingerprint experts may be necessary in order to establish what AFIS systems exist, which are interoperable, and the protocols required to query each system. NIBIN is a national databank of both projectile and cartridge information. NIBIN is the integration of two previous systems: the FBI8217s Drugfire cartridge case imaging system and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives8217 (ATF) Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS). NIBIN is an imaging system that allows both bullets and cartridges recovered from a crime scene to be compared electronically against other bullets and cartridges recovered from previous crime scenes, in an effort to link previously unrelated cases. The system can search by geographic area or nationwide, depending upon the course of the investigation. ATF is maintaining the new system in over 75 locations, across the United States. When conducting serial murder investigations, it is important for investigators to promptly seek guidance from appropriate forensic database experts. Such experts can provide information regarding what limitations exist and what additional queries can be made of the systems, to obtain additional investigative information. Another area in which forensic science can play an important role is in the recovery and examination of trace evidence. Trace evidence is described as small, often microscopic material. It commonly includes hair and fiber evidence but may encompass almost any substance or material. Trace evidence may provide important lead information pertaining to offender characteristics, vehicle and tire descriptors, and environmental clues that relate to killing scenes and modes of transportation used to move bodies. A skilled trace evidence examiner can compare the trace evidence from all of the victims in a serial murder case, in an effort to identify evidence common to all of the victims. This trace evidence will reflect a 8220common environment8221 with which all of the victims were in contact. This common environment will repeat in objects in the serial offender8217s world, such as his vehicles andor residence. This can demonstrate that all of the victims had contact with the offender at the same location(s). Attendees at the Serial Murder Symposium universally acknowledged that serial murder cases present unique circumstances and concerns, particularly when multiple investigative jurisdictions are involved. In serial murder cases, crime scenes may occur in different law enforcement jurisdictions, each of whom may possess varying resources and abilities to process crime scenes. In some cases, agencies submit evidence to different laboratories, even though those agencies are located adjacent to one another. These issues degrade the ability of law enforcement to consistently collect evidence from a murder series. This may prevent identifying a serial killer or forensically linking previously unrelated cases to a common offender. Attendees identified a number of forensic issues facing the law enforcement community in serial murder investigations and made the following suggestions: 8226 Once a series is identified, the same crime scene personnel should be utilized at related scenes to promote consistency in evidence identification and collection. Search personnel should follow established sterilization procedures to ensure there is no cross-contamination between the various crime scenes. 8226 Cross-contamination should be proactively prevented by using different personnel to process crime scenes than those used to collect known sample evidence from potential suspects. 8226 Documentation among the law enforcement agencies should be standardized to ensure continuity between separate cases. 8226 Aerial photographs of every murder crime scene, as well as the accompanying ancillary scenes, should be taken. Aerial photographs clearly depict the geography of the area and demonstrate the physical relationships and the distances between the crime scenes. They also identify potential routes of ingress and egress to the area. 8226 The number of laboratories and experts involved in serial murder investigations should be limited to properly certified facilities and personnel. Ideally, all evidence should be examined by a single crime laboratory, and that lab should utilize only one expert per discipline. If this is not possible, establish lines of communication between laboratories to ensure the sharing of pertinent information related to the investigation. 8226 Priority status for laboratory examinations should be obtained to ensure a quick turn around on test results. 8226 When consulting with forensic scientists, investigators should prioritize forensic examinations based upon their potential investigative value. In addition, forensic scientists should be consulted frequently to identify alternative sampling andor testing that may lead to successful case resolution. 8226 Forensic testimony should be limited to what is needed for successful prosecution. Utilization of charts, graphs, or other appropriate audiovisual aides showing forensic linkages will clearly and succinctly convey the facts of the cases. 8226 When necessary, investigators should seek independent, secondary reviews of laboratory results. This may be somewhat problematic, since there are crime laboratories that will not duplicate forensic examinations. However, exceptions are sometimes made to this policy on a case-by-case basis. Forensic evidence case vignette: The case of serial child murderer Richard Mark Evonitz highlights the variety of forensic testing that may be utilized to solve difficult cases. In 1996 and 1997, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, three young girls were abducted from their residences, sexually assaulted, and killed. The first case occurred on September 9, 1996, when Sophia Silva disappeared from the front porch of her house. She was found in October of 1996, in a swamp, 16 miles from her residence. A suspect was arrested and charged for her murder, based on a faulty trace evidence examination conducted by a state laboratory. On May 1, 1997, two sisters, Kristin and Kati Lisk, disappeared from their residence after returning home from school. Their bodies were discovered five days later in a river, 40 miles from their residence. After an examination by an FBI Laboratory Examiner yielded trace evidence that positively linked the Silva and Lisk homicides to a common environment, the suspect arrested in the Silva case was subsequently released. The investigation continued for an additional five years, until a girl was abducted in South Carolina. The victim was able to escape, and she identified Richard Mark Evonitz as her attacker. Evonitz fled South Carolina and was sighted in Florida. After a high-speed chase with police, Evonitz committed suicide. The investigation revealed that Evonitz had lived in Spotsylvania, in 1996 and 1997. Forensic searches were conducted on Evonitz8217s residence in South Carolina, his former residence in Spotsylvania, Virginia, and his car. A detailed trace examination of the evidence from these searches and the evidence obtained from the three victims revealed a number of hair and fiber matches, providing sufficient evidence to tie Evonitz to the three murders. The following trace examinations linked Evonitz to all three homicide victims: 8226 Fibers from a bath mat. 8226 Fibers from an afghan. 8226 Fibers from two separate carpets in Evonitz8217s former home in Virginia. 8226 Carpet fibers from the trunk of Evonitz8217s car. 8226 Head hair consistent with Evonitz. A trace examination also linked fibers from a pair of fur-lined handcuffs to the three homicide victims and the surviving victim . The unique combination of different hair and fiber evidence yielded the 8220common environment8221 to which all of the victims and the offender were exposed. Latent fingerprints belonging to Kristin Lisk were located on the inside of the trunk lid of Evonitz8217s car, five years after the fact. VIII. Prosecution of Serial Murder Cases The recognition and investigation of a serial murder series is often perceived as a separate and distinct process from the other primary goal in these complex cases: the prosecution and conviction of the offender(s) responsible for the homicides. It was a consensus of Symposium attendees that law enforcement and prosecutors should work cooperatively as the investigative and prosecution processes are inextricably linked. When police suspect that one or more homicides may be the result of a serial killer, involving the prosecutor early on in the investigation may alleviate significant problems during trial. The experience of the Symposium attendees was that in successful prosecutions of serial murder cases, the prosecutor8217s office was involved and remained accessible to law enforcement throughout the entire investigation and subsequent arrest. The partnership continued during the trial and resulted in the successful prosecution of the serial murderer. The prosecutor can assist with critical decisions early in the investigation that could potentially impact on court admissibility. Maintaining the integrity of the legal process is a paramount consideration when dealing with court orders, search warrants, Grand Jury testimony, subpoenas, evidence custody matters, capital murder issues, and concerns related to the possible offender8217s competency and the voluntariness of confessions. Prosecutors are also in the best position to evaluate the different murder cases within the serial investigation for presentation in court. They can provide important recommendations regarding the future use of evidence, forensic laboratory work, witness reports, and suspect interviews during trial. Case management and investigative decision making are still controlled and managed by the law enforcement agencies. The prosecutor acts in an advisory capacity. The responsibilities and duties of the prosecutor should be clarified initially in the investigation to avoid potential confusion while the investigation progresses. In multi-jurisdictional cases, variations in evidentiary standards, search warrant requirements, interview protocols, the quality of the evidence, and the ability to prosecute for capital murder may dictate the appropriate venue for prosecution. This consideration may take on greater significance when the crimes occur in different states. Expert witnesses often play a significant role in high profile serial murder investigations, dealing with forensic and competency issues. In many investigations and prosecutions, the task of linking the defendant to the victim and the homicide scene(s) has been simplified because of physical, trace, andor DNA evidence located at the scene. Expert forensic witnesses are utilized to explain the analysis and value of such evidence. Identifying and securing the services of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists will be important when addressing issues of competency, diminished capacity, and the insanity defense. Consideration should also be given for other collateral expert witnesses, who may be utilized to address issues outside of the customary topics, such as blood spatter. Prosecution case vignette: The Washington, D. C. Beltway sniper attacks serve as an excellent example of multi-jurisdictional prosecutorial considerations. The Beltway serial sniper attacks took place during three weeks of October 2002, in the Washington, D. C. metropolitian area. Ten people were killed and three others critically injured, in various locations throughout the metropolitan area. The killings actually began the month prior to the D. C. rampage, with these offenders committing a number of murders and robberies in several other states. The D. C. area shootings began on October 2nd, with a series of five, fatal shootings over a fifteen-hour period in Montgomery County, Maryland, a suburban county north of Washington, D. C. The investigation was initially spearheaded from Montgomery County, and as the number of shootings mutiplied, the task force involved numerous local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies from Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The two men responsible for the homicides, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, were eventually captured at an interstate rest area in Western Maryland. It was ultimately decided that Fairfax County, Virginia, would have the first opportunity to try one of the murders, despite the fact that Maryland had more cases. It was felt that the case in Fairfax was the strongest case. The Fairfax County homicide was the ninth in the Washington, D. C. area series and the third homicide in Virginia. A conviction for murder was secured in this case against Malvo, resulting in a life sentence. Muhammad was tried next for Capital Murder in a case that occurred in Prince William County, Virginia, which resulted in a death sentence. Malvo, pursuant to a plea agreement, then plead guilty to one count of murder and one attempted murder in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, and was sentenced to life without parole. Prosecutors in Montgomery County, Maryland, subsequently tried and convicted Muhammad on six counts of murder, and he was sentenced to six consecutive life sentences, without the possibility of parole. Malvo plead guilty and testified against Muhammad. During these trials, Malvo confessed to four other shootings in California, Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. It is unknown whether these or several other jurisdictions, including Arizona, Georgia, Alabama, and Washington State plan to prosecute Muhammad and Malvo . IX. Media Issues in Serial Murder Investigations Serial murder cases are inherently newsworthy. Some investigations last for years. Many attract attention because of the type of victims involved, and in others the serial killers themselves are media-attractive. Media attention is exacerbated by the insatiable demands of the twenty-four-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week news reporting industry. The constant news attention on the investigation inevitably results in conflicts with law enforcement. Often the relationship between law enforcement and the media is not a close one. In some law enforcement agencies, there is a long history of distrust and resentment underpinning this relationship. From the law enforcement perspective, the media publishes unauthorized information from investigations, hypothesizes on investigative progress, and uses talking heads to critique the investigative efforts. From the media8217s standpoint, law enforcement withholds too much information and does not communicate adequately with the media. It is counterproductive for law enforcement to sustain contentious relationships with the media, while attempting to develop an overall strategy for a successful serial murder investigation. The only party who benefits from this negative relationship is the serial murderer, who may continue to avoid detection. A respectful, cooperative relationship between law enforcement and the media will serve the missions of both. It becomes essential for law enforcement personnel involved in a serial murder investigation to design and implement an effective media plan. The plan should provide timely information on a regular basis, without compromising the investigative endeavors. It is essential for media releases to be closely coordinated with investigative strategies. This helps determine the best times to both educate and solicit information from the public concerning certain aspects of the investigation. Once a media plan is established, law enforcement can be more proactive than reactive in its media strategy. Symposium attendees provided a number of suggestions regarding media issues: 8226 Identify one spokesperson as the Public Information Officer (PIO), to speak on behalf of the investigation. This person would, in conjunction with other members of the investigative effort, prepare releases, make statements, and update the media on behalf of all involved jurisdictions, including forensic laboratories and medical examiners8217 offices. To eliminate confusion and controversy, MOUs should include an agreement regarding the designation of a single PIO in multi-jurisdictional, serial murder investigations. 8226 The role of the PIO is extremely demanding and time consuming, and they should not be assigned any additional investigative responsibilities. In addition, the PIO should have limited access to sensitive case facts. This will help minimize the possibility of critical information being inadvertently released to the media. 8226 The PIO must be aware that any verbal comments they make to augment information in the written press release can negate the strategy of the written press release. Any verbal comments made in conjunction with written press releases should be coordinated and rehearsed with the lead investigator(s), prior to the release. 8226 Press releases can be designed around several purposes: to announce a development in the case to provide public safety information to educate the public to solicit information from the community to provide behavioral information about the offender to correct misinformation about the case or to encourage someone who may know the offender to come forward. 8226 Press releases should always have very specific objectives. New releases should be reviewed by lead investigators and management, prior to dissemination. Investigators should consult with proven behavioral experts experienced in serial murder cases, before releasing any behavioral-based offender information. 8226 Press releases regarding the investigative effort should always have a positive tone. The PIO should continually remind the community that every available resource is being utilized in the investigation. A release can also include statements that discuss the impact of the case on the community, including the nature and scope of the threat to potential victims and the steps being taken by law enforcement to educate the community. 8226 Inaccurate information distributed by the media regarding a serial murder investigation should be identified and addressed by law enforcement as soon as possible. Such information may include statements made by talking heads solicited by the media. This may require daily monitoring of news broadcasts and print media by investigators, to identify the incorrect statements or misinformation. 8226 Contact should be made as soon as possible with media outlets to have erroneous information corrected or retracted. If the media outlet will not address the issue, corrective press releases should be quickly disseminated, either verbally or in written form. Regular meetings with owners and managers of media outlets during the course of a serial murder investigation may help alleviate these issues. 8226 In high profile serial murder cases, the media may attempt to interact with members of the victims8217 families. Victims8217 families suffer emotionally from their loss and may interact with the media in ways that could negatively impact the case. A victim8217s family8217s goals and objectives may not correspond with those of law enforcement. This can be exacerbated when the investigation continues for a long period of time without conclusion. Establishing liaison with each of the victims8217 families is the simplest way to counteract this. As was discussed previously in the investigative section, a single law enforcement officer should act as a liaison for each of the victims8217 families. Aside from the traditional liaison role, the officer also educates the family as to the tenacious demands for information by the media and the potential negative consequences that unauthorized releases of information bring to the investigation. 8226 Law enforcement should be creative in considering non-traditional methods of disseminating information to the public. This is particularly important if the media is editing information disseminated by law enforcement. One suggestion is to create an investigation web page that is updated regularly and provides the public with unedited versions of press releases, regular updates on the status of the investigation, and other information designed to appropriately inform the public. 8226 Law enforcement should anticipate the inevitable public reaction resulting from an announcement that the investigation involves a serial killer. Either the media will link the cases and proclaim a serial murderer is operating, or investigators will proactively release the information. The investigative team should be prepared for either situation. If the media makes the announcement, it is important for law enforcement to respond quickly, so they do not appear unprepared or defensive. If law enforcement plans on making the announcement, the release should be timed to gain an investigative advantage. 8226 There have been several serial killers who actively communicated with the police or the media. In these cases, investigators should consult with behavioral experts to assist with a proactive media strategy. Media Strategy Case vignette: The BTK case is an example of how a proactive media strategy contributed to the capture of a serial murderer. The BTK killer first emerged in 1974 and, over time, killed a total of ten victims. From 1974 until 1988, BTK sent a series of five communications to the media, citizens, and the police in which he not only named himself BTK (Bind them, Torture them, and Kill them) but also claimed credit for killing a number of the victims. He abruptly stopped communicating in 1988. He re-emerged in 2004 by sending a new communication to the media. The Wichita Police Department formed a task force with the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, the FBI, and other agencies. The FBI8217s BAU-2 was contacted and provided a proactive media strategy that was utilized throughout the case. This strategy involved using the lieutenant in charge of the investigation to provide written press releases at critical times, which resulted in 15 press releases during the course of the investigation. BTK provided eleven communications to police and the media during the eleven-month investigation. The last communication BTK sent included a computer disk, containing information that eventually identified Dennis Rader as BTK. During Rader8217s interrogation, he commented positively on the press releases and his perceived relationship with the investigative lieutenant who issued the press statements. X. Issues Regarding Talking Heads in the Media The public8217s interest in serial murder cases makes serial murder an attractive storyline for the media. To further the public8217s interest in these cases, the media uses people who are willing to speak as experts on the topic of serial murder and more specifically, individuals willing to comment on the current, featured case. These commentators are commonly referred to as talking heads . and it appears that there is no shortage of people willing to do this. Individuals utilized by the media to comment on serial murder cases include both experts and pseudoexperts. Experts are identified as academicians, researchers, retired law enforcement officials, mental health professionals, and retired law enforcement profilers who have developed specific knowledge and experience in serial murder investigations. Pseudoexperts are self-proclaimed profilers and others who profess to have an expertise in serial murder, when, in fact, their experience is limited or non-existent. The media will recruit talking heads, whether true experts or pseudoexperts, to offer their opinions on current cases, when they have no official role in the investigation and no access to any of the intimate facts of the case. When individuals appear in the media and discuss ongoing cases, they have an enormous potential to negatively influence investigations and may even cause irreversible damage. They often speculate on the motive for the murders and the possible characteristics of the offender. Such statements can misinform the public and may heighten fears in a community. They may contribute to mistrust and a lack of confidence in law enforcement and, more importantly, may taint potential jury pools. These statements may also impact the behavior of the serial murderer, because it is unlikely that an offender discriminates between a talking head and a law enforcement official actively involved in the case. When offenders are challenged by statements or derogatory comments made in the media, they may destroy evidence, or more tragically, react violently. Attendees of the Symposium were asked to discuss this issue and offer written comments. The following observations were made: 8226 Law enforcement is strongly encouraged to continue its release of information to the public during an investigation, in order to alert the community to a public safety issue or to solicit assistance in the identification andor capture of an offender. 8226 There is a difference between law enforcement agencies proactively releasing information about an ongoing case and talking heads who comment on a case in which they have no investigative information. 8226 Members of the media are encouraged to closely examine the credentials of any experts whom they are considering utilizing, to ascertain if the qualifications and experience level they claim is accurate. 8226 When an expert is retained by the media, having the expert8217s qualifications listed on a public website would offer the community the opportunity to assess the expert8217s authenticity and credibility. 8226 Responsible, retired law enforcement officers, clinicians, academicians, and researchers who are asked to provide statements concerning ongoing cases should refrain from doing so, unless requested by, or with the permission of, the agency who has jurisdictional responsibility over the case. 8226 Individuals who have developed an expertise in a given field recognize that before an opinion can be rendered, complete and accurate information must be obtained and analyzed. Therefore, it is inappropriate, even for acknowledged experts in serial murder, to offer opinions regarding a specific case based solely upon incomplete and potentially inaccurate information available through the media. If responsible professionals are requested to provide statements about ongoing cases, the following guidelines are suggested: 8226 Speak in general terms only. 8226 Do not comment on the particulars of the current case. 8226 Do not criticize the investigative efforts. 8226 Do not misrepresent one8217s credentials or experience. 8226 Provide information to educate the public on the issues involved in serial murder. It was the opinion of the experts at the Symposium that it is not possible to regulate or officially censor comments made by talking heads during serial murder investigations. However, a policy statement issued by law enforcement to the media would be appropriate, and below is an example of such a statement: The media8217s role in reporting the facts of a case is a major public service. However, providing a forum for speculative commentary can be counter-productive and potentially dangerous. Public comments on an active investigation with incomplete or incorrect information are merely speculation and can seriously jeopardize an ongoing case and place citizens at great risk. Accordingly, we respectfully request that restraint be exercised and comments withheld until after an arrest has been made. We would once again like to recognize the individuals who attended and participated in the Serial Murder Symposium and thank them for their contributions. These individuals are among the world8217s most knowledgeable experts on serial murder. Many have been involved for years in the study of serial murder, and they have collectively published dozens of books and articles on a number of diverse topics related to serial murder. Their publications are recommended for anyone involved in investigating, prosecuting, or studying serial murder. Due in a large part to the efforts of the professionals who attended the Symposium, there has been significant progress over the past few years in understanding serial killers and the crimes they commit. However, there is still much work to be done. Continued research in the topic areas addressed in this monograph is vital to advancing the knowledge on this important subject. The men and women of the FBI8217s Behavioral Analysis Unit 2 look forward to continued partnerships in the collaborative efforts to better understand, and subsequently generate a more effective investigative response, to the serial killers that prey upon our citizens. Symposium Agenda San Antonio, Texas August 29 - September 2, 2005 Sponsored by the FBI8217s National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Behavioral Analysis Unit 8211 2, Crimes Against Adults Monday, August 29, 2005 7:30 a. m. 8211 8:00 a. m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a. m. 8211 8:30 a. m. Welcome and Introductions SSA Mark A. Hilts, Unit Chief, NCAVC, BAU-2 SSA Stephen E. Etter, Acting Assistant Special Agent in Charge NCAVC SA Robert J. Morton, NCAVC, BAU-2 8:30 a. m. 8211 9:15 a. m. Panel: Serial Murder Myths, Scope, Definitions, and Typologies Speakers: SSA Robert J. Morton 8211 Myths and urban legends Dr. Eric Hickey 8211 Terms, definitions, typologies Dr. Tom Petee 8211 Previous studies 9:15 a. m. 8211 10:15 a. m. Panel: PathologyCausality Moderator: Dr. Gregory Saathoff Speakers: Dr. Debra Niehoff 8211 BiologicalNeurological perspective Dr. Robert Hare 8211 Psychopathy Dr. Jay Corzine 8211 Criminological perspective Dr. Wade Myers 8211 Developmental perspective 10:15 a. m. 8211 10:30 a. m. Morning Break 10:30 a. m. 8211 11:45 a. m. Panel: Evaluation of Known Offenders Moderator: SSA James J. McNamara Speakers: Judge Ann Keary Dr. Park Dietz Dr. Fred Berlin 11:45 a. m. 8211 1:00 p. m. Lunch on your own 1:00 p. m. 8211 3:00 p. m. Case Presentation: Green River Killings Moderator: SSA Mary Ellen O8217Toole Det. Jon Mattsen Det. Tom Jensen Mr. Brian McDonald, Esq. 3:00 p. m. 8211 3:30 p. m. Afternoon Break 3:30 p. m. 8211 5:30 p. m. Breakout Session 1 5:30 p. m. 8211 5:45 p. m. Breakout Team Leader Meeting Tuesday, August 30, 2005 7:30 a. m. 8211 8:00 a. m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a. m. 8211 10:00 a. m. Panel: Media8217s Influence in Serial Murder Investigation Moderator: SSA Mary Ellen O8217Toole Speakers: Dr. Stephen Gorelick Ms. Mary Walsh Chief Pat Englade (retired) Dr. Eric Hickey 10:00 a. m. 8211 10:30 a. m. Morning Break 10:30 a. m. 8211 11:45 a. m. Panel: Forensics in Serial Murder Cases Moderator: SSA Armin A. Showalter Speakers: Dr. Tracey Corey Dr. John 8220Jack8221 Kenney Dr. Lee Goff Dr. William Rodriguez Dr. William Haglund SSA Douglas Deedrick (retired) UC Thomas F. Callaghan 11:45 a. m. 8211 1:00 p. m. Lunch on your own 1:00 p. m. 8211 3:00 p. m. Case Presentation: Health Care Serial Murder Moderator: MCS Timothy G. Keel Speakers: Dr. Brian Donnelly SAC Bruce Sackman VA OIG (retired) 3:00 p. m. 8211 3:30 p. m. Afternoon Break 3:30 p. m. 8211 5:30 p. m. Breakout Session 2 5:30 p. m. 8211 5:45 p. m. Breakout Team Leader Meeting Wednesday, August 31, 2005 7:30 a. m. 8211 8:00 a. m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a. m. 8211 8:30 a. m. Keynote Speaker 8211 J. Stephen Tidwell Special Agent in Charge, Critical Incident Response Group 8:30 a. m. 8211 10:00 a. m. Panel: Prosecution of Serial Murder Cases Moderator: SSA Mark Safarik Ms. Barbara Corey Mr. Anthony Savage, Esq. Mr. Stephen Kay, Esq. 10:00 a. m. 8211 10:30 a. m. Morning Break 10:30 a. m. 8211 11:45 a. m. Case Presentation: Ghana Serial Murder Case Moderator: SSA Gerard F. Downes Speakers: Deputy Commissioner David Assante-Apeatu SSA Charles K. Dorsey 11:45 a. m. 8211 1:00 p. m. Lunch on your own 1:00 p. m. 8211 3:00 p. m. Breakout Session 3 3:00 p. m. Early Dismissal (Breakout team leaders briefly meet) 5:00 p. m. 8211 8:30 p. m. Research Poster Session with Refreshments amp Snacks Thursday, September 1, 2005 7:30 a. m. 8211 8:00 a. m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a. m. 8211 10:00 a. m. Panel: Task Force and Major Case Management Issues Moderator: MCS Kirk R. Mellecker Speakers: Chief Cal Walker 8211 Long term investigations Major Gary Terry 8211 Problem recognition Mr. Lloyd Sigler 8211 Major case management Mr. Ken Farnsworth - Multi-jurisdictional issues Mr. Jim Bell 8211 Lead control issues 10:00 a. m. 8211 10:30 a. m. Morning Break 10:30 a. m. 8211 12:15 p. m. Case Presentation: Resendez Serial Murder Moderator: SSA David T. Resch Speakers: SSA Alan Brantley (retired) Mr. Charles Rosenthal, Esq. SA Mark Young (retired) 12:15 p. m. 8211 1:30 p. m. Lunch on your own 1:30 p. m. 8211 3:00 p. m. Case Presentation: Lewis Lent Serial Murder Moderator: SSA Robert J. Morton Speakers: SSA Gerard F. Downes Captain Frank Pace Sr. Investigator John Shultis 3:30 p. m. 8211 5:30 p. m. Breakout Session 4 5:30 p. m. 8211 5:45 p. m. Breakout Team Leader Meeting Friday, September 2, 2005 7:30 a. m. 8211 8:00 a. m. Continental Breakfast 8:00 a. m. 8211 9:00 a. m. Summary of FindingsClosing Remarks 9:00 a. m. Checkout and Travel Home Appendix B Serial Murder Symposium Working Group Dr. Kristen R. Beyer Research Coordinator, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Alice E. Casey Crime Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Maureen Christian Professor of Psychology Marymount University Dr. Dewey Cornell Professor University of Virginia Dr. Jay Corzine Professor and Chair of Sociology and Anthropology University of Central Florida Dr. Douglas Deedrick Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI Forensic Science Division Metropolitan Police Dept. Washington, DC Gerard F. Downes Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Pamela J. Hairfield Management amp Program Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Robert Hare Professor of Psychology Darkstone Research Group University of British Columbia, Canada Dr. Eric Hickey Professor, Dept. of Criminology California State University, Fresno Mark A. Hilts Unit Chief of BAU-2, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Earl James Captain (Retired) Michigan State Police International Forensic Services, Inc. Lansing, MI Dr. John Jarvis Criminologist, FBI Training amp Development Division Tom Jensen Detective King County Sheriff8217s Office Kent, WA Chris Johnson Detective Baton Rouge Police Department Timothy G. Keel Major Case Specialist, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Ken Landwehr Lieutenant Wichita Police Department Dr. Wayne D. Lord Unit Chief of BAU-3, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Steven F. Malkiewicz Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC James J. McNamara Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Kirk R. Mellecker Major Case Specialist, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Robert J. Morton Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Wade Myers Chief of Division amp Adolescent Psychiatry University of South Florida Dr. Mary Ellen O8217Toole Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC David T. Resch Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Gregory B. Saathoff Associate Professor of Research University of Virginia School of Medicine Mark Safarik Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Louis Schlesinger Professor of Forensic Psychology John Jay College of Criminal Justice Armin A. Showalter Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Melissa Smrz Section Chief, FBI Laboratory Division Vito Spano Chief Investigator New York State Attorney General8217s Office Rhonda L. Trahern Supervisory Special Agent, ATF CIRG, NCAVC Calvin Walker Chief Spokane Valley Police Department Spokane Valley, WA Dr. Michael Welner Chairman The Forensic Panel New York, NY Wilma B. Wulchak Management amp Program Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Ewa-Marie Aghede Detective Inspector National Criminal Intelligence Service Stockholm, Sweden Larry G. Ankrom Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI David Asante-Apeatu Deputy Commissioner Ghana Police Service Accra, Ghana James O. Beasley, II Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Jim Bell Former Detective Salt Lake City Police Department Salt Lake City, Utah Dr. Fred S. Berlin Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry amp Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University Daniel G. Bermingham Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Camille D. Bibles Assistant United States Attorney District of Arizona Steven A. Bongardt Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Alan C. Brantley Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI John A. Brunell Special Agent, FBI Little Rock Field Office Lesley A. Buckles Crime Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Alexander Bukhanovskiy Professor Roston State Medical University Roston-on-Don, Russia Dr. Ann Burgess Professor Boston College of Nursing Alice E. Casey Crime Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Maureen Christian Professor of Psychology Marymount University Dr. Peter I. Collins Forensic Psychiatrist Ontario Provincial Police Orillia, Ontario, Canada Mary B. Collins-Morton Special Agent, FBI Washington Field Office Barbara Corey Attorney at Law Tacoma, WA Dr. Tracey Corey Chief Medical Examiner Office of Chief Medical Examiner Louisville, KY Dr. Jay Corzine Professor amp Chair of Sociology amp Anthropology University of Central Florida Mike Crooke Chief Cumberland Police Department Cumberland, IN Leslie D8217Ambrosia Special Agent Florida Department of Law Enforcement Keith Davidson Inspector Royal Canadian Mounted Police Surrey, British Columbia, Canada Dr. Harold Deadman Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI Dr. Douglas Deedrick Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI Forensic Science Division Metropolitan Police Department Washington, DC Dr. Park Dietz Park Dietz amp Associates, Inc. Newport Beach, CA William H. Donaldson Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Brian Donnelly Special Agent, FBI New Haven Field Office Charles K. Dorsey Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Gerard F. Downes Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Steven A. Egger Professor University of Houston at Clearlake Pat Englade Chief of Police (Retired) Baton Rouge Police Department Stephen E. Etter Unit Chief of BAU-1, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Kenneth Farnsworth Chief Investigator Utah Attorney General8217s Office Dr. Adelle E. Forth Professor of Psychology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Dr. James Alan Fox Professor Northeastern University Laurie R. Gibbs Special Agent, FBI Dallas Field Office Dr. M. Lee Goff Professor of Criminal Justice Chaminade University of Honolulu Paul Goodman Investigator Colorado Attorney General Office Dr. Stephen Gorelick Vice President for Institutional Advancement The CUNY Graduate Center Adam Gregory Behavioral Investigative Advisor National Crime amp Operations Facility Bramshill Hook, Hampshire, United Kingdom Dr. William Haglund Director International Forensic Program Shoreline, WA Pamela J. Hairfield Management amp Program Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Robert Hare Professor of Psychology University of British Columbia Darkstone Research Group Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Robert R. (Roy) Hazelwood Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI John J. Hess Assistant Special Agent in Charge, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Eric Hickey Professor Department of Criminology California State University, Fresno Mark A. Hilts Unit Chief of BAU-2, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Tia A. Hoffer Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Alexander Horn Kriminalhauptkommissar OFA Bayern Munich City Police Department Munich, Germany Dr. Lin Huff-Corzine Professor University of Central Florida Kris Illingsworth Detective Sergeant New Wales Police Headquarters Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia Rick Jackson Detective Los Angeles Police Department Dr. Earl James Captain (Retired), Michigan State Police International Forensic Services, Inc. Lansing, MI Dr. John P. Jarvis Criminologist, FBI Training Division Rick Jenkins Captain, Division Commander Virginia State Police Culpeper, VA Tom Jensen Detective King County Sheriff8217s Office Kent, WA Leonard G. Johns Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Chris Johnson Detective Baton Rouge Police Department Stephen Kay Deputy District Attorney Los Angeles County District Attorney8217s Office The Honorable Ann Keary Judge Washington, DC Superior Court Timothy G. Keel Major Case Specialist, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. John Kenney Forensic Odontologist DuPage County Coroner8217s Office Park Ridge, IL Robert H. Kosky, Jr. Unit Chief of BAU-3, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Gretchen Witte Kraemer Assistant Attorney General State of Iowa Dr. Gerard Labuschagne Commander South Africa Police Service Pretoria, South Africa Ken Landwehr Lieutenant Wichita Police Department Jennifer A. Leonard Supervisory Special Agent, FBI FBIHQ, Washington, DC Marianna Leshinskie Interpreter, FBI New York Field Office Dr. Jack Levin Professor of Criminal Justice Northeastern University Robert G. Lowery, Jr. Commander Greater St. Louis Major Case Squad Dr. Carl Malmquist Professor University of Minnesota Colonel Rick Malone, M. D. Chief of Forensic Psychiatry Walter Reed Army Medical Center R. Stephen Mardigian Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI John Martin Sergeant Texas Rangers San Antonio, Texas Jon Mattsen Detective King County Sheriff8217s Office Kent, WA Brian M. McDonald Deputy Prosecuting Attorney King County Seattle, WA James J. McNamara Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Michael Medaris Senior Policy Advisor U. S. Department of Justice Kirk R. Mellecker Major Case Specialist, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. J. Reid Meloy Associate Professor Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego Frank Merriman Lieutenant (Retired) Los Angeles Sheriff8217s Department, Homicide Bureau Thomas Monahan Lieutenant Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Paul Morrison District Attorney District Attorney8217s Office Olathe, KS Robert J. Morton Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Wade Myers Chief of Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of South Florida Mike Napier Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI Thomas M. Neer Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Debra Niehoff Neurobiologist Biotext Newtown, PA Dr. Mary Ellen O8217Toole Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Frank Pace Captain New York State Police Loudonville, NY John Perry Special Agent Virginia State Police Roanoke, VA Dr. Tom Petee Professor Auburn University Pat Postiglione Sergeant Nashville Metropolitan Police Department Patricia Prezioso Assistant Attorney General Division of Criminal Justice Trenton, NJ Mark W. Prothero Attorney at Law Hanis Greaney Law, PLLC Kent, WA Dr. John T. Rago Professor of Law Duquesne University Lee Rainbow Senior Behavioural Investigative Advisor National Crime amp Operations Faculty Bramshill Hook, Hampshire, United Kingdom David T. Resch Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. D. Kim Rossmo Department of Criminal Justice Texas State University Dr. Gregory B. Saathoff Associate Professor of Research University of Virginia, School of Medicine Bruce Sachman Special Agent in Charge (Retired), OIG Veteran8217s Administration New York, NY Mark Safarik Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Gabreille Salfati Professor John Jay College of Criminal Justice Christina Schaub Crime Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Carlo Schippers Captain Dutch National Police Agency The Netherlands Dr. Louis Schlesinger Professor of Forensic Psychology John Jay College of Criminal Justice Armin A. Showalter Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC John H. Shultis Senior Investigator New York State Police Latham, NY Lloyd Sigler Supervisory Special Agent (Retired), FBI Howard Smith Sheriff Spotsylvania County Sheriff8217s Office Spotsylvania, VA Melissa Smrz Section Chief, FBI Laboratory Division Vito Spano Chief Investigator New York State Attorney General8217s Office Faye Springer Senior Criminalist Sacramento County Forensic Services Laboratory Jayne M. Stairs Crime Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Suzanne D. Stiltner Crime Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Dr. Michael Stone Professor of Clinical Psychiatry Columbia University Dirk Tarpley Special Agent, FBI Kansas City Field Office Ron Thill Investigator San Diego County District Attorney8217s Office Melissa L. Thomas Supervisory Special Agent, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Roger Thomson Sergeant Montgomery County Police Department Rockville, MD Rhonda L. Trahern Supervisory Special Agent, ATF CIRG, NCAVC Ronald Tunkel Supervisory Special Agent, ATF CIRG, NCAVC James Van Allen Detective Sergeant Ontario Provincial Police Orillia, Ontario Eva von Vogelsang Detective Inspector National Criminal Intelligence Department Stockholm, Sweden Calvin Walker Chief Spokane Valley Police Department Spokane Valley, WA Mary E. Walsh Producer CBS News Washington, DC Dr. Michael Welner Chairman The Forensic Panel New York, NY Arthur E. Westveer, Jr. Assistant Professor Virginia Commonwealth University Jeannine Willie Assistant Manager California Department of Justice Missing Persons DNA Program Sacramento, CA Glenn Woods Superintendent Royal Canadian Mounted Police Ottawa, Ontario Canada Wilma B. Wulchak Management and Program Analyst, FBI CIRG, NCAVC Mark Young Special Agent (Retired), FBI Section Links
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